Argument Against the Person - Argumentum ad hominem

The ad hominem fallacy is a class of fallacies which is not only common but also commonly misunderstood. Many people assume that any personal attack is an ad hominem argument, but that isnt true. Some attacks arent ad hominem fallacies, and some ad hominem fallacies arent clear insults. What the concept argument​ ad hominem means is argument to the man, although it is also translated as argument against the man. Instead of criticizing what a person says and the arguments they are offering, what we have instead is a criticism of where the arguments are coming from (the person). This is not necessarily relevant to the validity of what is said - thus, it is a Fallacy of Relevance. The general form this argument takes is: 1. There is something objectionable about person X. Therefore, person Xs claim is false. Types of Ad Hominem Fallacy This fallacy can be separated into five different types: Abusive ad hominem: The most common and well-known type of ad hominem fallacy is just a simple insult and is called the abusive ad hominem. It occurs when a person has given up attempting to persuade a person or an audience about the reasonableness of a position and is now resorting to mere personal attacks.Tu quoque (two wrongs dont make a right): An ad hominem fallacy which does not attack a person for random, unrelated things, but instead attacks them for some perceived fault in how they have presented their case is often called tu quoque, which means you too. It often occurs when a person is attacked for doing what they are arguing against.Circumstantial ad hominem: Dismissing an argument by attacking an entire class of people who presumably accept that argument is called the circumstantial ad hominem. The name is derived from the fact that it addresses the circumstances of those who hold the position in question.Genetic fallacy: Attacking the origins for the position someone is proposing instead of the person or the argument is called the genetic fallacy because it is based on the idea that the original source of an idea is a sound basis for evaluating its truth or reasonableness.Poisoning the well: A preemptive attack on a person which questions their character is called poisoning the well and is an attempt to make the target appear bad before they even have a chance to say anything. All of these different types of ad hominem argument are fairly similar and in some cases can appear almost identical. Because this category involves fallacies of relevance, the ad hominem argument is a fallacy when the comments are directed against some aspect about a person which is irrelevant to the topic at hand. Valid Ad Hominem Arguments It is important, however, to remember that an argumentum ad hominem is not always a fallacy! Not everything about a person is irrelevant to every possible topic or any possible argument that they might make. Sometimes it is entirely legitimate to bring up a persons expertise in some subject as a reason to be skeptical, and perhaps even dismissive, of their opinions about it. For example: 2. George is not a biologist and has no training in biology. Therefore, his opinions about what is or is not possible with regards to evolutionary biology do not have a lot of credibility. The above argument rests upon the assumption that, if a person is going to make credible assertions about what is or is not possible for evolutionary biology, then they really should have some training in biology - preferably a degree and perhaps some practical experience. Now, to be fair pointing out the lack of training or knowledge does not qualify as an automatic reason for declaring their opinion to be false. If nothing else, its at least possible that they have made a guess by random chance. When contrasted with the conclusions offered by a person who does have relevant training and knowledge, however, we have a sound basis for not accepting the first persons statements. This type of valid ad hominem argument is therefore in some ways the reverse of a valid appeal to authority argument.

Personal Statement Essay - 959 Words

From a young age children observe the adults around them. As a boy watches his carpenter father working on a piece of furniture, he may soon begin lifting a toy hammer to imitating his father’s hammering motion. A girl is saved from a burning building by a team of firefighters and it is only a matter of days before she decides she will be a firefighter one day as well. Our upbringing, life experiences, and personality dictate many of our choices. One of the most important choices we must make is the career we select to make our living. From the time I was able to walk I have trained as an elite athlete; swimming and gymnastics were my strong suit. In high school I suffered from an athletic overuse injury of the shoulder that†¦show more content†¦As a physical therapist I would be able to use my love of athletics, as well as my medical aptitude to better the world. Although my research of physical therapy had opened a new door, I had not yet chosen to change my career path. As a senior at Arizona State University, I have narrowed my career choices by declaring my major; I still have many choices to make. The most significant decision I have made regarding my career is the choice I have made more recently, to obtain my Doctorate of Physical Therapy instead of going to medical school. This change will be the best option because I will start the new program sooner than if I still needed to apply for medical school. The Doctorate of Physical Therapy programs I am interested in are also considerably less ex pensive than a medical degree, and I can earn almost as much as a medical doctor. I have not yet chosen a school for my graduate degree; however, the choice to attend Arizona State University was an easy one. Arizona State University was a great choice for my degree and my lifestyle. ASU is known for the popularity of their Kinesiology program and their status as a strong research based institute mean that my education is cutting-edge. I decided that if I want to go into the competitive medical and sports world I will need an education and experience that can make me stand out among my peers. The Kinesiology program combines a goodShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Personal Responsibility850 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal responsibility is holding you accountable for all your actions and decisions. Being personally responsible means you take ownership of what you do in and with your life. This means from the time you wake up until you go to bed at night, your life is your responsibility and yours alone. Your values, morals, and beliefs are all contributing factors in how you view being personally responsible. 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Analysis N.Sparks “True Believer” Free Essays

Dariya Glazova, group 402 Nicholas Sparks  «True Believer » The text under stylistic analysis presents the excerpt from the novel  «True believer » written by Nicholas Sparks. In this passage the author touches upon the issue of generation gap. He contrasts the grandmother, Doris McClellan, with her grandchild, Lexie. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis N.Sparks â€Å"True Believer† or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is known that the adults like to teach their children how they should live their life and Doris isn’t exception. From the very beginning the reader can guess that the granny and her granddaughter are polarities. The author employs the parallel construction  «For Doris, the reason was †¦ For Lexie, the reason was†¦Ã‚ » to enhance this idea. Also we can see that the relationship between these two women are very close because even Lexie is angry with her granny’s interference in her life she loves her with her whole heart. To show that the grandmother’s existence is full of taking care of her lovely treasure the author uses the following choice of word: she meant no harm, frequently wondered aloud, all of her hemming and hawing and such like things. Among the other problems of society Nicholas Sparks raises the question of crisis of women of thirty years in this extract. He draws the reader’s attention to the fact that at her thirties Lexie  «hadn’t settled yet » and she is still in the search of her knight in shining armour. This special kind of her happiness, on the other hand she wants to meet the right guy as every normal girl or woman, is described by the author in the only one masterfully collected word  «her man » and this idea is also strengthened by the graphical expressive mean- the italics of the possessive pronoun her. The powerful effect produced by these stylistic devices is quite unquestionable. But she wants not only to be with the right guy but she wants the only one man who possible never has existed in the real world because he is a figment of her imagination which is created by herself according to the glamorous magazines overstuffed her library. This idea manifests itself through such demands to her chosen one as  «both sensitive and kind, at the same time sweet her off her feet, offer to rub her feet after a long day, challenge her intellectually, buy her flowers for no reason ». Furthermore Sparks draws the parallel between the past and the present which are embodied by main characters. Here we can see that the writer depicts the moral principles of women of the past and the representatives of the gentle sex of modern world. With having a keen eye for details the author claims that in the past women married men who were  «decent, with some principles and had a good job » but modern daughters of Eve want to feel passion for somebody as well and it is not easy for them to get married and find someone special in the whole world. The author’s object in employing the antithesis is quite evident because he enhances the desired effect with the help of this stylistic device. To the conclusion I’d like to wish all the women to find their partner in life but don’t have allusion about your eligible bachelor because everybody architects of his own fortune and also I completely agree with Nicholas Sparks that the excitement alive in the relationship is mostly up to the woman. if I’m wrong, correct me. How to cite Analysis N.Sparks â€Å"True Believer†, Papers

Policy Changes In An Emerging Stock Market -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Policy Changes In An Emerging Stock Market? Answer: Introduction: Business Finance is a part of finance which covers great varieties of disciplines and activities which is revolving around the money management and valuation of assets. This accounting system makes it easy for the professionals to understand the position and worth of an organization in the industry, various tools are covered in this financial type. With the help of business finance, PRO PAC PACKAGING LIMITED Company has been evaluated. This report paper explains about the position, performance and the investment opportunity in the company. For evaluating the investment opportunity of the company, annual report of the company has been identified and the stock price of the company has been compared with the Australian ordinary stock prices (Travlos, Trigeorgis and Vafeas, 2015). Corporate governance, ratio analysis, changes in the stock price, factors through which the stock price of the company has been affected, cost of equity, cost of debt, cost of capital, risk, return etc has been evaluated. Further, a letter of recommendation has been prepared for the client of the company to recommend about the investment in the company. Brief Description of company: PRO PAC PACKAGING LIMITED is a manufacturing company which is working in the Australian market along with its various subsidiary companies. This company manufactures, delivers and serves the industrial, rigid and protective packaging to the products in Australian market as well as various foreign countries. The industrial packaging division of the company manufactures distributes and sources the industrial packaging material (Bloomberg, 2018). It also focuses on install, maintain and support the packaging tools systems and machineries. Currently, the revenue of the company is AUD 229244000. The diversification and strategic financial policies of the company has been changed in last 2 years. Ownership governance structure: The governance structure of the company has been evaluated through the annual report of the company and following data has been found: Main Substantial stakeholders: There is only 1 investor who has more than 20% stock of the company. 51.20% of total stock is held by the BENNAMON PTY LTD in the total stock of PRO PAC PACKAGING LIMITED. Further, it has been found that this company is not a family company and operating its business separately (Thanatawee, 2013). Further, it has been found that 2 investors are also there who is holding more than 5% stock of the company. Through the analysis, it has been found that the MR BRANDON ARI PENN is holding 9.21% of total stock of the company and on the other hand, 7.62% stock of the company has been held by AUST EXECUTOR TRUSTEES LTD. Following is the table of top 20 stockholders of the company: Main people of firm governance: Chairman of the company is Ahmed Fahour. He is serving the company from 25th Nov 2014. Elliott Kaplan is the main board of members of the company. Brandon Penn is the CEO of the company. According to the top 20 shareholders list of the company, no person with same surname is holding the stock of the company (AFR, 2018). Further, none of the shareholders of the company is holding more than 5% stock of the company. Performance Key ratios: Performance ratios are the key ratio of an organization. This makes it easy for the company and the professionals to evaluate the position of the company. Performance ratios include the profitability ratios and the capital structure ratios. Following is the calculations of the performance ratios: Return on assets: Return on assets is the profitability ratio which is measured through analyzing the net profit of the company in context with the total assets of the company. The calculations of return on assets explain that the company is earning 2.79% of profit according to the total assets of the company (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). Return on assets NPAT/ total Assets 5016/179939 2.79% Return on equity: Return on assets is the profitability ratio which is measured through analyzing the net profit of the company in context with the total equity of the company. The calculations of return on equity explain that the company is earning 4.41% of profit according to the total equity of the company. Return on Equity= Net profit after tax/ ordinary equity 5016/113683 4.41% Debt Ratios = Total Liabilities/ total assets 66256/179939 36.82% Phenomenon TA/OE: Total assets and total equity are the main elements to evaluate the profitability position and return on assets and return on equity of the company. TA/TE = (NPAT/ Total assets)/(NPAT/TE) TA/TE =Total assets/TE The above equation makes it simple to evaluate the impact of total assets and total equity on return on assets and return n equity of the company. The more the total assets and equity would be the lesser the profitability position of the company would be. ROA and ROE: Further, the above calculations makes it simple to evaluate that ROA is always lower than the ROE of the company due to higher assets in an organization in comparison with the total equity of the company (Ft, 2018). Accounting double equation system explains that the assets are the combination of equity and liabilities and thus the ROE is always higher. Changes in stock price: Further, for evaluating the changes in the stock performance of the company, stock price of the company has been compared with the AORD. Following graph explains about the changes: The below graph explains that the stock price of PPG is quite stable and the stock price of AORD is volatile in nature. The stock price of AORD is quite higher than the stock price f PPG. Further, it explains that the correlation among both the stock is 0.19 which explains that the stock price of both the stock are not at all correlated (Investing Business, 2018). Significant factors: Further, it has been found that the stock price of the company has faced various significant changes in last 2 years. These changes have occurred due to varioys significant factors such as internal and external factors. Through the study, it has been found that the stock price of the company has been enahnced on 30-09-2017 by 13.89% due to the annual report announcement (FT, 2018). On the other hand, on 30-11-2016, stock price has been lowered due to less dividend amount (AFR, 2018). More, the stock price has been enhanced on 31-07-2016 due to internal changes in the company (Yahoo Finance, 2018). In addition, on 29-02-2016, stock price of the company has been enhanced due to macro economical factors and on 31-05-2017, the stock price of the company has been enhanced due to industry factors (Invetsing Business, 2018). Calculation of CAPM and beta values: The best calculations of the company explain that the systematic risk of the company is 0.076. Required rate of return: Return of the company is 4.15%. Calculation of cost of equity (CAPM) RF 4.00% RM 6.00% Beta 0.076 Required rate of return 4.15% (Morningstar, 2018) Conservative company: It explains that the risk and return of the company are respectively lower and higher and thus this company could be considered as a conservative company to make an investment. WACC calculations: Calculation of WACC Price Cost Weight WACC Debt 25,500 5.25% 0.20615 0.01082 Equity 98,194 4.15% 0.79385 0.03296 1,23,694 Kd 4.38% Calculation of cost of debt Outstanding debt 25,500 interest rate 7.50% Tax rate 0.3 Kd 5.25% Calculation of cost of equity (CAPM) RF 4.00% RM 6.00% Beta 7.58% Required rate of return 4.15% Implication on WACC: The current cost of capital of the company is 4.38% which explains that if the company wants to invest into a new project of machinery than the total return form that project must be more than 4.38% (Bodie, 2013). Only in that case, company would be able to earn profits. Debt ratios: Optimal capital structure: 2017 2016 Debt Ratios = Total Liabilities/ total assets Total Liabilities/ total assets 66256/179939 66897/178261 36.82% 37.53% Calculations of optimal capital structure of the company explain that the company is working towards an optimal capital structure through reducing the level of the debt ratios. The current optimal capital structure of the company is not stable (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). Gearing ratios: 2017 2016 Gearing ratios = Total Liabilities/ Capital employed Total Liabilities/ Capital employed 66256/(179939-37504) 66897/(178261-38110) 46.52% 47.73% Gearing ratios of the company explains that the borrowing of the company has been lowered and the liabilities have also been lowered by the company to maintain a good level of the funds of the company, risk and return of the company. Dividend policy: Dividend policy is a policy which is concerned about the policy of the company through which the dividend amount is announced and paid by the company to the stockholders of the company. The dividend policy of the company explains that the company is following the relevant dividend policy which briefs that an organization should offer a great amount of dividend to the stockholders of the company against their investment amount in the company; dividend amount motivates the investors to hold the money in the company and invest more in the company (Davies and Crawford, 2011). More to it, dividend amount also helps the company to improve the market and stock position of the company and attracts more investors towards the company. The annual report of the company explains that the company has announced 1 cent of ordinary stock for the stockholders of the company in current year. Further, it has also been analyzed that this company is continuously giving a good amount of dividend to its stockholders so that the position and the performance of the company could be managed by the company and management of the company in industry and market (Annual Report, 2018). Conclusion: It is required for every investors to evaluate the performance and the position of the company in which they are going to invest their savings as an investment. According to your request, PRO PAC PACKAGING LIMITED Company has been evaluated and the position, performance and the investment opportunity of the company has been identified. For evaluating the investment opportunity of the company, annual report of the company has been identified and the stock price of the company has been compared with the Australian ordinary stock prices. It explains that the stock price of the company is stable and no huge changes have occurred. Further, Corporate governance, ratio analysis etc study explains that the company is managing and earning good profit. At the same time, the investment risk of the company is lower and the return of the company is higher. It explains that this company is the best opportunity for the purpose of investment. So, an investor should invest into this company to enhance the return and the performance of the company. References: About us. 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://www.pro-pac.com.au/ AFR, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://www.afr.com/research-tools/PPG/share-prices/related-securities Annual report, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://www.pro-pac.com.au/docman/investor-relations/annual-reports/807-2017-annual-report/file Bloomberg, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=21766569 Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007.FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. FT, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=PPG:ASX Hillier, D., Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2011.Financial markets and corporate strategy. McGraw Hill. Investing Business, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://www.investing.businessweek.wallst.com/research/stocks/financials/ratios.asp?ticker=PPG:AU Morningstar, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://financials.morningstar.com/cash-flow/cf.html?t=PPGregion=ausculture=en-US Thanatawee, Y., 2013. Ownership structure and dividend policy: Evidence from Thailand. Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus. Yahoo Finance, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5EAORD/history?period1=1451586600period2=1514658600interval=1mofilter=historyfrequency=1mo Yahoo Finance, 2018. PRO-PAC Packaging Ltd. viewed Jan 30, 2018, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pro-pac-packaging-limited-asx-015034396.html